Economic analysis in antitrust cases provides the framework for determining whether commercial conduct harms competition or merely reflects vigorous rivalry. It connects legal standards with evidence on prices, output, innovation, and consumer welfare. From defining relevant markets to assessing merger effects and exclusionary practices, economic evidence helps competition authorities distinguish lawful success from conduct that … Read more
Market investigations and inquiries are important tools in competition law where concerns arise not from a single unlawful act, but from the way an entire market operates. They enable authorities to assess whether competition is delivering fair prices, choice, quality, and innovation. Unlike conventional antitrust cases, market inquiries may examine structural conditions affecting many businesses … Read more
Unfair trade practices can distort competition, weaken consumer confidence, and place smaller businesses at a serious disadvantage. In competition law, they extend beyond ordinary commercial rivalry when conduct becomes deceptive, coercive, discriminatory, or harmful to market fairness. From misleading advertising and unfair pricing to restrictive supply arrangements, unfair trade practices may limit choice and entrench … Read more
Deceptive practices in competition law distort the information on which consumers and businesses rely to make commercial decisions. Misleading claims, concealed charges, and false representations can undermine trust, redirect demand, and weaken the conditions necessary for fair market rivalry. In modern markets, deception may arise through advertising, pricing structures, digital product descriptions, or business-to-business negotiations. … Read more
Antitrust law generally seeks to preserve competitive markets, yet certain conduct falls outside its ordinary reach. Antitrust exemptions and immunities create carefully defined boundaries where legislative policy, governmental authority, or regulatory oversight may displace competition rules. These protections are neither automatic nor absolute. Their application depends on statutory language, judicial doctrine, and the nature of … Read more
The Russian Federal Law on Protection of Competition forms the central framework governing antitrust conduct in Russia. It regulates market power, restrictive agreements, unfair competition, and transactions capable of altering competitive conditions. Its application affects domestic and foreign businesses operating in Russian markets, with enforcement led by the Federal Antimonopoly Service. Understanding its requirements is … Read more
Brazilian Competition Law plays a central role in preserving fair market conditions, protecting consumers, and fostering innovation across one of the world’s largest economies. Its requirements affect domestic enterprises, multinational groups, public procurement, and strategic transactions alike. Administered principally by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE), Brazil’s competition regime addresses mergers, cartel conduct, and … Read more
The Indian Competition Act is a cornerstone of India’s market-regulation framework, designed to preserve fair competition, protect consumer interests, and prevent practices that distort market forces. Administered by the Competition Commission of India, the legislation addresses anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and mergers that may adversely affect competition across Indian markets. The Purpose and … Read more
The South Korean Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act forms the cornerstone of the country’s competition law framework, seeking to preserve fair market conditions, restrain economic concentration, and protect consumers from anticompetitive conduct. Administered principally by the Korea Fair Trade Commission, the Act regulates market dominance, cartels, unfair trade practices, and business combinations, while imposing … Read more
The Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law is a central pillar of China’s competition regime, shaping how businesses price, distribute, acquire, and compete in one of the world’s most significant markets. Its expanding enforcement landscape affects domestic and multinational enterprises alike, with particular relevance for commercial agreements, market dominance, merger transactions, and compliance strategies. Why the Chinese Anti-Monopoly … Read more